In
Africa there are very few people who speak of the continent as a singular
place. The people of Africa joined and separated into hundreds if not thousands
of various groupings well know they live in given countries in a large
continent. But the truth is that their underlying loyalties are to family and
tribe and that is how an ordinary African think of himself / herself. They may
be Ghanaian, Nigerian, Sudanese, Congolese, etc. - and they do identify
themselves as such when abroad, in their homeland they first think of
themselves as tribal and sub-tribal members. Their loyalties begin with their
extended family identity. Westerners who have lived among these people for the
most part recognize them in that manner. Among Kenyans Barack Obama was viewed
through his father's identity as a Luo. That he was the American President did
not change his tribal identity in their minds. Those outsiders passing through
- and this includes official observers and even journalists – tend to see only
the immediately obvious whether it's the hotel facilities or the degree of
professionalism of those who are paid to serve them. At best these visitors
barely see and sense the essential character and concerns of those of the
“interior”.
For
these reasons, commentary on Africa as a unified whole is ultimately
irresponsible and perhaps even specious. The first phase of what might be
adjudged dissimulation occurred as a result of the various colonial powers
insisting the colonies learn the language of their masters. This in turn brought
about an artificial transformation of the surface culture of the region
concerned. Legal documents of all kinds had to be in the colonial language
along with the appropriate legal actions deemed appropriate. Educational
institutions constructed by these European powers, of course, were again based
on the appropriate colonial language and formulas. It is true, however, that in
some areas generally accepted lingua franca such as Swahili was in
common use among many tribes in East Africa. Nonetheless, English predominated
in all serious colonial governmental affairs.
Interestingly,
in today's independent Africa the colonial language tends to remain in general
use, though more through convenience rather than any governmental necessity.
However, indigenous language has regained its original importance and is
certainly a factor in local political movements. These local languages and
dialects stemming from them act to bring a sense of cohesion .Where there once
was a social as well as a political discordance in speaking in tribal tongues,
today both locally and nationally indigenous languages are no longer frowned
upon – although sometimes the more obscure
becomes difficult for others to understand.
Nonetheless, these linguistic issues are worked out and it is accepted
that in spite of these problems a greater true sense of independence evolves.
It
is this sense of independence that drives all phases of African political life,
but it also unfortunately returns old barriers and rivalries to the larger
community that colonial control tended to diminish or obscure. A conspicuous
example of an alternative arose many decades ago in South Africa where there
evolved an entirely new language melding Dutch, German, French and even English
with a smattering of other Euro and African languages. The use of Afrikaans, as
it is known, stretched northward to a degree into Zimbabwe, Namibia and the
bordering states. However, it did not become politically significant as one
might suspect. In the Northeast African states where Islam has had a strong
hold, Arabic has returned as a powerful linguistic and political tool.
It
is true, however, that in most of the former colonial states, leaders tend to
have a working fluency in the old colonial languages. Thus French, English,
Italian, Portuguese and even a sprinkling of Spanish still can be heard, though
the German of their pre-WWI colony of Tanganyika is rarely encountered.
European language speakers in the political sphere in Africa find it both a
convenience and a tool for dissimulation when they wish to. This is a device
not unknown to European or even Asian history. In Africa language can open and
close doors, sometimes at the same time.
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